氧 （O2） 是植物在淹没和洪水环境中生长和发育的抑制因子。植物会经历不同的 O2 浓度，例如常氧、缺氧和缺氧，这些浓度会随着空间和时间的变化而变化。植物已经进化出各种形态、生理和生化适应能力，以承受低 O2 胁迫，其中许多已经得到了很好的研究。这篇综述详细分析了植物如何应对缺氧，缺氧是主要由洪水引起的重要压力因素。缺氧影响植物在不同细胞、发育和环境水平上。这篇综述重点介绍了作物用于应对 O2 缺乏症的遗传、分子和代谢适应。各种转录因子 （TFs） 和基因调控机制在使植物能够在低氧条件下调节其生理反应方面的作用是显着的。该综述还确定了植物在再氧合过程中的反应研究存在重大差距，再氧合是恢复到正常 O2 水平的阶段，尤其是在自然光照条件下。这种转变带来了 ROS 生成和光抑制挑战，影响了植物缺氧后的恢复。我们讨论了提高植物耐缺氧性的各种策略，包括传统育种、基因改造和嫁接技术。它强调将这些方法与对缺氧感应和反应机制的全面理解相结合。我们强调了植物适应缺氧的复杂性以及在该领域继续研究的必要性，尤其是在面对全球气候变化的情况下。这对于发展可持续农业实践和确保未来的粮食安全至关重要。

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Hypoxia stress: plant’s sensing, responses, and tolerance mechanisms

Oxygen (O2) is an inhibiting factor for plant growth and development in submerged and flooding environments. Plants experience different O2 concentrations, such as normoxia, hypoxia, and anoxia, which can change over space and time. Plants have evolved various morphological, physiological, and biochemical adaptations to withstand low O2 stress, many of which have been well investigated. This review provides a detailed analysis of how plants respond to hypoxia, a significant stress factor primarily caused by flooding. Hypoxia affects plants at various cellular, developmental, and environmental levels. This review highlights genetic, molecular, and metabolic adaptations crops employ to cope with O2 deficiency. The roles of various transcription factors (TFs) and gene regulation mechanisms in enabling plants to modulate their physiological responses under hypoxic conditions are notable. The review also identifies a significant gap in research on plant responses during reoxygenation, the phase of returning to normal O2 levels, especially under natural lighting conditions. This transition poses ROS generation and photoinhibition challenges, affecting plant recovery post-hypoxia. We discuss various strategies to enhance plant hypoxia tolerance, including traditional breeding, genetic modification, and grafting techniques. It emphasizes integrating these approaches with a comprehensive understanding of hypoxia sensing and response mechanisms. We underscore the complexity of plant adaptations to hypoxia and the need for continued research in this field, especially in the face of global climate change. This is vital for developing sustainable agricultural practices and ensuring future food security.